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Carnivorous Plant Names Database
Taxonomic database format
| I. |
The typical infraspecific taxa (autonyms) are not listed. |
| II. |
The synonymical references apply to the autonymous form of
the cited taxon unless indicated otherwise. |
| III. |
The infraspecific taxa belong to the typical (autonymous)
superordinate infraspecific taxon unless indicated
otherwise. |
| IV. |
"/" means pro parte (partly). |
| V. |
"?" stands for any kind of incertainty. |
| VI. |
Plant names appear in []. Author names appear in {}. |
| VII. |
Accepted names are marked by a preceding "+". Invalid names
(violating rules of nomenclature, not to be used) are marked "~".
Cultivar names are marked "$". |
| VIII. |
In some hybrids of horticultural origin the originator's name (B)
is cited; for natural hybrids the distribution (L, LFR) is given.
Formulae of artificial hybrids of known origin have the female
(seed) parent before the hybrid sign (*), followed by the male
(pollen) parent. |
| IX. |
Names of families (F) are arranged in systematical order, names of
genera (G), of species and of taxa of lower rank, incl. hybrids (N)
are arranged in alphabetical order. |
| X. |
This list is permanently updated. If you have additions,
comments or questions, please contact Jan Schlauer
(jan@carnivorousplants.org) |
| XI. |
No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author. |
| XII. |
This file is free for distribution as long as:
1. It is GIVEN away rather than sold (unless expressly permitted
by the author)
2. These statements and the above copyright notice are left intact |
The key building block of this database is the Taxon, or plant name. All taxa
are delimited inside square braces: "[]", and contain at least a Genus and a species name. Here is a simple example of the name for the Venus's Fly Trap:
[Dionaea muscipula]
For casual usage, this level of detail is sufficient. But in some cases, several
plants may have been given the same name at different times. This was usually
the fault of poor communication or misinformation. To clarify these situations,
a full name citation will include information about who published the name. All
author citations are delimited by curly braces: "{}" Here is an example of two times that the name Drosera capensis was used for different plants:
[Drosera capensis {E.MEY. ex PLANCH.}]
+[Drosera capensis {L.}]
In the last example, the second name was given by the botanist Linnaeus
(abbreviated to just "L.") and is considered the valid one. Valid names are
always prefaced with a plus sign "+". Cultivar names are prefaced by a dollar
sign "$", and invalid names are prefaced by a tilde sign "~".
The idea of valid names also applies to more complicated constructs like
hybrids. For instance, the hybrid between Drosera capensis and Drosera aliciae has been named quite appropriately as Drosera * 'capicia' . This information is spelled out in the database entry as:
N: [Drosera * ' capiciae ' {HORT. ex HORT.BOT.PALMENGART.}]
P: in sched. (1994)
S: =[[Drosera capensis {L.}] * [Drosera aliciae {HAMET}]]
In this example, you can see that hybrid names are prefaced with an asterix "*".
Also introduced in this example are the field delimiters: "N:","P:" and "S:".
These help structure the data. The "N:" line contains the Name of the entry."P:" gives a reference to where the Name was Published (In this case, the
publication is scheduled to come out sometime in 1994). The "S:" entry gives a
Synonym for the name, in this case a hybrid formula. Elements of a hybrid
formula are delimited by an asterix "*", and nesting is shown by square
brackets. This usage of brackets does not conflict with their use for delimiting names, as the combination of two names into a hybrid is itself a valid name. Finally, this example shows that Synonyms are always introduced with either an
equal sign "=", or a slash "/". Slashes are used when a name may have been
applied to several different species. It stands for "partly", and means that the name is a partial synonym. This often happens when an old taxa is split into two new species on the basis of newer evidence.
Now that you know the general structure of the database, here are some lists of other abbreviations and field delimiters that are used:
F: = family
G: = genus
N: = name
P: = publication
PW: = url of any web-based publication
S: = status
B: = breeder
L: = distribution locations
C: = comment field for notes like: (non-carnivorous)
T: = holotype (the herbarium type specimen upon which a name is based)
BN: = basionym (the name on which an altered combination is based)
LT: = lectotype (if holotype doesn't exist)
NT: = neotype (if holotype is lost, only)
IT: = isotype (if holotype is lost, only)
PT: = paratype (if holotype is lost, only)
FT: = phototype (if holotype is lost, only)
XN: = somatic chromosome number. This is in the form of eg: (-32),64 where the
comma denotes at least one different count. The number which was obtained less
often or which is less probable stands in "()". A "-" means that chromosome
numbers are not stable (aneuploidy), and counts within certain limits (sometimes
with a maximum of frequency: this is outside "()") have been obtained.
XNP: = chromosome number publication
* = hybrid sign (for lack of a better ascii symbol)
+ = valid name, eg: "N: +[Nepenthes ampullaria]"
~ = invalid name, eg: "N: ~[Dionaea heterodoxa]"
$ = cultivar name, eg: "N: $[Dionaea ' Akai Ryu ']"
? = any kind of uncertainty
/ = pro parte (partly)
| = Specimen deletum (specimen destroyed)
in sched. = "In schedis" (on labels) in Herbaria or on plants cultivated and
displayed at Botanic gardens
nom.dub. = "Nomen dubium" (literally: "dubious name" the status of which is obscure)
nom.illeg. = "Nomen illegitimum" (literally: "bastard name" earlier valid
synonym cited in protologue or type typifies an earlier valid synonym)
nom.nud. = "Nomen nudum" (literally "naked name" no description and/or no type)
sphalm.typogr. = "Sphalma typographicum" (misprint)
OTHER ABBREVIATIONS
B = Originator of a cultivated plant
BN = Basionym (the name on which an altered combination is based)
C = Taxonomic/botanical comment
CLA = Classification
CN = Correct name (the orthographically correct
spelling from which misprints were "derived")
FT = Phototype (if holotype is lost, only)
GR = Cultivar-group
GRP = Cultivar-group publication
HC = Horticultural comment in sched. In schedis (on labels) in Herbaria or on plants cultivated and displayed at Botanic gardens
IT = Isotype (if holotype is lost, only)
L = Distribution (countries)
LFR = Distribution (floristic provinces)
LT = Lectotype (if holotype does not exist)
LTG = Lectotypus generis (if no generitype was designated when the genus was first described)
LTP = Lectotype publication
nom.cons. = Nomen conservandum (conserved name)
nom.dub. = Nomen dubium (the status of which is obscure)
nom.illeg. = Nomen illegitimum (earlier valid synonym cited
in protologue or type typifies an earlier valid synonym or earlier homonym is based on another type)
nom.nov. = Nomen novum (new name if original name was not available, e.g. as a later homonym, at time of
first publication)
nom.nud. = Nomen nudum (no valid description and/or no type)
NT = Neotype (if holotype is lost, only)
NTP = Neotype publication
P = First publication of a name
p.p. = Pro parte (only parts of the specimen are type material)
PT = Paratype (if holotype is lost, only)
PW = Publication on the Web
RLC = IUCN Red List Category
S = Status (accepted synonym or hybrid formula) spec.excl. Species exclusa (excluded species, belonging to
another family or genus) sphalm.typogr. Sphalma typographicum (misprint)
SYN = Synonym (an earlier valid one, cited in protologue of illegitimate name)
T = (Holo-) type
TF = Typus familiae (type of family, a generic name)
TG = Typus generis (type of genus, a species name)
TGP = Publication of lectotypus generis (q.v.)
VN = Vernacular (popular) name
XN = Somatic chromosome number
XNP = Chromosome number publication
| = Specimen deletum (specimen destroyed)
* = Hybrid sign (multiplication symbol)
DATA GIVEN FOR CULTIVAR NAMES
- ICNCP International Code for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants, 7.ed, Acta Horticult.647:i-xxi,1-123 (2004), ISBN 90 6605 527 8 http://www.actahort.org
- Introducer Person who introduced a formerly wild-growing plant into cultivation, by which it became a cultivar
- Nominant Person who coined the name of a cultivar
- Registrant Person who submitted a cultivar name for registration; in names published before 1998 this is the describing author
- Translit. Transliteration (given if the epithet was originally written in a language not using Latin characters)
- Translation Given if translations of the original epithet are in use
- Awards Awards received by a cultivar
- Patents Patents registered for a cultivar
- Description Publication reference to a cultivar description and (if available) text of description
- Standard Reference to a published standard photograph and (if available) link to a corresponding image
- Propagation Preferred method of propagation
- Etymology Meaning or derivation of a cultivar epithet
Notes: Syntypes are not tolerated, only one representative specimen is cited. This does not mean a lectotype is selected here. For some names the types could not yet be traced.
CLASSIFICATION
Note: The previous (pre-2001) setup of entries in this database (lacking
systematic information above the rank of family and between the ranks of genus
and species) turned out to be insufficient for considerations of biodiversity.
The records for accepted names have therefore been augmented by classification
data (in CLA-entries).
The taxonomic basis for the subgeneric and sectional classification used in
this database follows Schlauer (Carniv.Pl.Newslett.25:67-88, 1996) for
Drosera, Fromm-Trinta (Bol.Mus.Nac.Rio de Janeiro, n.s. Bot.44:1-4, 1977) for
Genlisea, Casper (Biblioth.Bot.127/128:1-209, 1966) for Pinguicula, and
Taylor (Kew Bull. Add. Ser.14:1-724, 1989) for Utricularia, with some
adjustments. No attempt has been made to subdivide the complex genus
Nepenthes.
The entries in the CLA field are nested ranks of classification roughly
corresponding to nodes on a phylogenetic tree, so it should be trivial for
taxonomists of any flavour to map the classification used here to a system or
theory of their choice. Systematic data above the rank of family follow APG
http://www.systbot.uu.se/classification/APGclassification.html
with some nomenclatural adjustments.
The formal ranks used are:
Subclass-Order-Family-Genus-Subgenus-Section
GEOGRAPHIC ABBREVIATIONS
Ala. = Alabama
AM = America
Ang. = Angola
AS = Asia
AU = Australia
Az. = Arizona
Bel. = Belize
Bol. = Bolivia
C = central
C.Rica = Costa Rica
Ca. = California
Can. = Canada
E = east(-ern)
Eth. = Ethiopia
EU = Europe
Fla. = Florida
Ga. = Georgia
Gal.Is. = Galapagos Islands
Guat. = Guatemala
Guin. = Guinea
Guy. = Guyana
Himal. = Himalaya
Hond. = Honduras
Indon. = Indonesia
Is. = Island(s)
La. = Louisiana
Madag. = Madagascar
Mal. = Penins.Malaysia & Singapore
Mass. = Massachusetts
Mex. = Mexico
Mich. = Michigan
Miss. = Mississippi
Moz. = Mozambique
N = north(-ern)
N.Caled. = New Caledonia
N.Guin. = New Guinea
N.Zeal. = New Zealand
NC. = North Carolina
Nev. = Nevada
NJ. = New Jersey
NY. = New York
Ore. = Oregon
Pan. = Panama
Par. = Paraguay
Penna. = Pennsylvania
Phil. = Philippines
S = south(-ern)
SC. = South Carolina
Sen. = Senegal
subtr. = subtropical
Tan. = Tanzania
Tex. = Texas
Thail. = Thailand
tr. = tropical
Trin. = Trinidad & Tobago
Uru. = Uruguay
Va. = Virginia
Ven. = Venezuela
W = west(-ern)
W.Indies = West Indies
Wash. = Washington
Wyo. = Wyoming
Zam. = Zambia
Zim. = Zimbabwe
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